The Gurdjieff Journal—Fourth Way Perspectives
The Mouravieff 'Phenomenon'
& The Diagram of Everything Living
Part One
(#) Parentheses indicate footnote number
Though
never taken seriously during his lifetime, and rarely mentioned in
Gurdjieffian literature, the name Boris Mouravieff has in recent years
become more than a footnote, thanks to a diligent campaign by his
latter-day followers. Though he never joined the Work, forever remaining
on its periphery, gleaning here and there what information he could,
criticizing and casting doubt, Mouravieff was never quite able to get Gurdjieff and the teaching out of his system. Then in 1961, 12 years after Gurdjieff's death, Mouravieff came forward with a three-volume work, Gnosis, which purported to give what he called "the complete" exposition of the exoteric, mesoteric, and esoteric tradition of Eastern orthodoxy.
In fact, it was a direct appropriation of the ideas of The Fourth Way as Gurdjieff had presented them during his Russian period (1912–1919) and which Ouspensky reported in his book, In Search of the Miraculous. Essentially what Mouravieff did was to strip Gurdjieff's teaching
of its mooring in sacred science and insert it into an Eastern Orthodox
Christian perspective, adding some peculiarities of his own making.
However, there was a glaring problem. The two teachings simply didn't
fit together. Eastern Orthodox Christianity was mystical and monastic. The Fourth Way
was scientific and rooted in ordinary life. To surmount this,
Mouravieff invented what he called "the Fifth Way"—a worldly celibacy of
platonic courtly love
between man and woman, "polar beings" whom he called "The Knight and
the Lady of his Dreams." After Mouravieff's death in 1966 his book soon
went out of print and the institute he founded in Switzerland, The
Centre for Christian Esoteric Studies, came to nothing, closing its doors within two years.
What must be recognized is that Mouravieff, never having been one of Gurdjieff's pupils, bases his understanding of the teaching on that of Ouspensky—not Gurdjieff.
As such, Mouravieff's understanding can only be intellectual and
therefore partial. A refutation would be as unnecessary as it is
tiresome were it not for this small band of Mouravieff's contemporary
followers who, without providing any credible historical evidence,
relying instead on hearsay, Mouravieff's personal conjecture and
opinion, as well as other biased sources, have mounted a campaign to:
(1) discredit Gurdjieff, (2) deny the authenticity and origin of the teaching as Gurdjieff
presented it, and (3) assimilate Mouravieff's "Christianized" Fourth
Way into the Eastern Orthodox Church. Given this, it would be well to
examine Mouravieff and the phenomenon he represents. We begin by
examining Mouravieff's relationship with Gurdjieff and then consider Mouravieff's teaching itself.
A Russian refugee of the Bolshevik revolution, Boris Petrovitch Mouravieff was first introduced to Gurdjieff in 1920 in Constantinople by P. D. Ouspensky.(1)
Twelve years younger than Ouspensky, Mouravieff, fascinated with the
teaching, attended lectures and movements demonstrations, but formed a
strong animus toward Gurdjieff.
An aristocrat, intellectual and moralist, Mouravieff no doubt had
trouble with Gurdjieff's unconventional behavior, his acting and
trampling on people's corns, and of course his heavy Caucasian accent,
an accent, Ouspensky said, one associated with "anything apart from
philosophical ideas." And it was Gurdjieff's way of teaching, whenever
anyone reacted to these manifestations, to make them worse to show
people their identification. Though Mouravieff was firm in his
determination to stay "outside the zone of his [Gurdjieff's] personal
influence," he had been "poisoned," as Gurdjieff
would say, and could never entirely break away. For even after both men
left Constantinople and located in Paris, Mouravieff continued to seek
out Gurdjieff at the Café de la Paix and in Fontainebleau.
And so when Ouspensky broke with Gurdjieff in 1923 and asked Mouravieff to help with the translation and editing of his book, then titled Fragments of an Unknown Teaching,
he gladly agreed. Thereafter, Ouspensky and Mouravieff exchanged many
letters on the teaching and whenever Ouspensky visited Paris the two
often had dinner together. These letters and meetings, Mouravieff said,
"gave me the opportunity to discuss all the elements of the system with
him."(2) Thus, Mouravieff's understanding of the teaching could only have been founded on Ouspensky's understanding, not Gurdjieff's. To
understand all of Mouravieff's subsequent thinking and actions, this
point is a crucial determinant. Mouravieff apparently never saw it for
he makes no defense of it.
Mouravieff Betrays Ouspensky
The reason Ouspensky gave for his break with Gurdjieff
was "to save" the teaching. Strangely, he was saving it from the very
man who embodied the teaching. Given Mouravieff's judgment of Gurdjieff
as "in the image of a fallen angel," he certainly wholeheartedly
supported, no doubt encouraged, Ouspensky's break. Though he had agreed
to help Ouspensky with the book, obviously wishing to learn as much of
the teaching as he could without coming under Gurdjieff's knuckle,
Mouravieff was very much against its being published. At the last
meeting he had with Ouspensky in 1937, Mouravieff strongly argued that Fragments not be published.(3)
Wrote Mouravieff, "I was opposed to the publication. It seemed to me
that esoteric doctrine, by its very nature, eludes an account described
in detail by writing."
Apparently, with both Gurdjieff
and Ouspensky safely dead, Mouravieff had a radical change of mind. For
in 1961 Mouravieff was to repeat the pattern and 'save' the teaching
from Ouspensky who had, of course, 'saved' it from Gurdjieff. The confusion and subsequent betrayal that began with Ouspensky now spread to Mouravieff.
The "Fifth Way"
Mouravieff first published an attack on Gurdjieff
and Ouspensky in 1958 in a small magazine (interestingly enough given
to the idea, fashionable in modern times, of synthesis), then published
his 758-page, three-volume Gnosis, its central ideas lifted directly from Ouspensky's book. First Mouravieff wrapped Gurdjieff's Fourth Way teaching in a heavy Christian
religious coating. Having dislodged and distorted the teaching, he then
offered a fanciful updating of the courtly love of medieval days,
calling it the "Fifth Way."
Mouravieff's betrayal would
certainly have stunned Ouspensky. Even more so had he known Mouravieff's
true view of him. Ouspensky considered Mouravieff to be a close friend.
For Mouravieff, however, Ouspensky was simply a likable person, a
talented writer but naïve, mystical and uneducated—someone very much his
social and spiritual
inferior. Mouravieff's 'Ouspensky' was "charming—although subject to
fits of passions—amiable, very skillful in dialectics, this was not a
stalwart man. And then this was a self-taught person, he had not even
finished his secondary schooling...."(4)
Mouravieff, an exiled aristocrat, had the typical sense of superiority over Russian
émigrés he presumed to be socially inferior, especially someone like
Ouspensky who felt he "was not protected inwardly, by this precious
armor which is the scientific method. Everything in him was
wavering, therefore open to exterior influences." [Emphasis added.]
Interestingly, this unscientific Ouspensky in his New Model of the Universe,
cogently and critically discusses the views of Darwin and Einstein,
both of which he rejected at a time when the world was completely
entranced with these theories.
Mouravieff Misjudges Ouspensky
Ouspensky's was a rare nature, supremely rational,
scientific yet artistic, mystical. Formidable as his intellect was, he
was open to feeling and intuition, and so was able to penetrate beyond
what he called "the thin film of false reality" of ordinary life. Though
certainly many levels above Ouspensky in terms of class and education,
Mouravieff—as esotericist, thinker and writer—was simply not on
Ouspensky's level. Even a cursory comparison of the writings of both men
shows a verbiage and a lack of clarity and comprehension on the part of
Mouravieff that is well below Ouspensky's. Mouravieff criticized
Ouspensky's writing as having "the character of reporting conceived in
the style of the 20th century, that is to say with a strong personal
nuance." This, of course, is exactly
what raises Ouspensky's book above so many turgid 'esoteric' tomes.
Mouravieff went further, declaring: "On the whole, Fragments of an Unknown Teaching
is nothing more than 'Gurdjieff as seen by Ouspensky.'" Exactly.
Unwittingly, Mouravieff thus shows that his understanding of the
teaching is predicated only on Ouspensky's. Also, to speak so
condescendingly shows, too, how little Mouravieff appreciated the
brilliance, artistry and intellectual integrity with which Ouspensky
conveyed his experiences with Gurdjieff and his comprehension of the ideas. Of this Ouspensky has said: "I have written down and described how we met the system(5)
and studied it. But I realized what a different impression it all
produces on readers as compared to us who actually were there. A reader
will never be able to find the right center of gravity.... This is why
there are no text books on the system. Things can be written only for
those who have studied."(6) It should be noted that Gurdjieff, aware of the difficulty in writing such a book, praised Fragments for its objective reporting of his presentation of the teaching prior to 1923. "Very exact is," Gurdjieff said. "Good memory. Truth, was so." And, "Before I hate Ouspensky, now I love him."
Two Times Two
Mouravieff, always absolutely confident in his own
interpretation, revealed a dimension of his relationship with Ouspensky
he never suspected when he tells of the two dining with Baroness O.A.
Rausch de Traubenberg, a friend who was helping to translate Ouspensky's
book from Russian into English. The baroness's twelve-year-old son came
to the table and asked that the two men write something in his album.
Wrote Mouravieff: "Whatever happens in life, never lose sight of the
fact that two times two make four." Wrote Ouspensky beneath Mouravieff's
sentence: "Whatever happens in life, don't lose sight of the fact that
two times two never make four." Ouspensky smiled, and gave Mouravieff a
mischievous look.
The baroness, who knew both men well, shrugged her shoulders and looking from one to the other, said:
"Well!—in your maxims, I recognize you perfectly, you two."
Of this Mouravieff wrote:
"Whim?—Certainly!—But from the point of view that
interests us for the moment [Ouspensky's attitude toward life],
Ouspensky was completely there [referring to the personality, not
presence]."
In other words, in Mouravieff's view, Ouspensky was not scientific, not rational.
Of course, Ouspensky, a real teacher in his own
right, was not denying the rationality of two times two making four.
Rather, he was completing Mouravieff's assertion. What he wrote
took the absolutism of Mouravieff's statement (a feature of his) and
reopened the statement for the baroness' son in the sense of asking
where and in what cases either of the statements is right or wrong, and
further, in what instances they might both apply.
The understanding Ouspensky demonstrated in this
episode was outside Mouravieff's categories of comprehension. A feature
of Mouravieff is that he appears to have always evaluated and
interpreted from an ordinary scientific level within the context of very
conventional notions of morality and good and evil. He no doubt had a strong intellectual center and he always wrote as 'one-who-knows.'
Gurdjieff's Mission
But what, in fact, did Mouravieff know?
Did he really know Gurdjieff? Know him well enough to judge him?
Did Mouravieff understand that Gurdjieff's mission was to establish the ancient teaching of The Fourth Way
in the West as quickly as possible? That the world would be on the
edge of destroying itself not only with nuclear weapons but most
recently with the genetic engineering of life, human and otherwise? That
Gurdjieff's methods sometimes were harsh because he needed to step-down
the teaching if it was to take root in his own time? That he could find
no one willing to be an instrument of the teaching, no one who could
capably be "a helper-instructor"?
Mouravieff's negative judgment of Gurdjieff rests on four perceptions:
- Gurdjieff's methods were "brutal".
- Gurdjieff hypnotized his students.
- Gurdjieff's car crash proved he was not outside the Law of Accident.
- Gurdjieff stole the teaching.
The question of harshness or
brutality has been partly answered. The heart of the matter is whether
or not Gurdjieff was brutal in terms of essence and being, not just in
his outward manifestation. Many of Gurdjieff's students have addressed
this question, attesting to the rare quality of love that was his. One
writes: "What I knew as a child, I am beginning to understand as an adult. Gurdjieff practiced love in a form that is unknown to almost everyone: without limits."(7)
Did Gurdjieff
hypnotize his students? Before coming to the West, he made his living
as a professional hypnotist. He developed his knowledge and hanbledzoin,
that substance upon which hypnotism depends, to an extraordinary
degree. Despite his oath not to use hypnotism—"I take an oath to
remember never to make use of this inherency [telepathy and hypnotism]
of mine...."(8)—he found
that "although I tried as much as possible...to keep under the control
of my consciousness the undesirable manifestations of my nature, in
spite of this, there gradually formed within me, proceeding far beyond
the control of my active consciousness, certain automatic influences
upon people around me during their waking as well as their hypnotic
state. On account of this, there soon began to become really
perceptible to my awaking consciousness various consequences,
irreconcilable with my nature, of this automatic influence over people, which often evoked in me remorse of conscience...."(9)
[Emphasis added.] He is saying his presence was so great that—despite
his keeping to his essence-oath—people still fell under this influence.
We see the same effect with many, if not all, teachers of Gurdjieff's
caliber. The projection onto the teacher, the unconscious miming of the
teacher, the taking of his every manifestation as law, is simply a step
on the path of the student which the teacher will break at the necessary
moment. And Gurdjieff did. The nightmare train trip to Chicago with
Fritz Peters, the bizarre pressures for money with Jean Toomer...these
are simply two of the many instances that come to mind. One of
Gurdjieff's intentions in the Third Series was to show himself to
his students as a human being with human failings to keep them from
idolizing him. How many teachers, one may ask, have had the courage and
love to reveal themselves so unflatteringly? What we often see as
Gurdjieff's weaknesses, and he had many, as he himself
characteristically admits, he painstakingly transforms into strengths by
means of his uncompromising honesty about himself. (Teachers and
students, alike, might learn from his example.)
Notes
(1) That
Ouspensky had known Mouravieff before Constantinople is unclear. Twelve
years younger than Ouspensky, Mouravieff was born in Kronstadt, the
naval base at St. Petersburg, and was raised and educated in St.
Petersburg. Given his interest in esoteric subjects, he might have met
Ouspensky at the Theosophical Society, or possibly Mouravieff attended
one of Ouspensky's public lectures at the Duma. What seems more certain
is that they did not meet at bohemian clubs that Ouspensky frequented,
like The Stray Dog, for Mouravieff's father was Graf Piotr Petrovitch
Mouravieff, admiral of the Russian fleet and vice minister of the
Russian navy in the last imperial government before Tsar Nicholas II's
abdication. Mouravieff himself was Prime Minister Kerensky's principal
private secretary during Kerensky's service as the second prime minister
of the new Russian Republic.
(2) Boris Mouravieff, "Ouspensky, Gurdjieff and Fragments of an Unknown Teaching," Revue Synthèses, #138, 1957. All quotes by Mouravieff, unless otherwise indicated, derive from this article.
(3) Had
Ouspensky published the book, it seems clear from Gurdjieff's later
praise of it that it would have created the bridge with which the two
men might have reconciled, either then or when Ouspensky returned to
England from America in January 1947. Its publication would also have
provided the teaching with a much needed impetus. So Mouravieff supplied
a negative critical influence that had deep repercussions.
(4) It is interesting to note Mouravieff's sentence construction and usage of "this was
not a stalwart man" [emphasis added] in which he uses the impersonal;
this was to raise himself above and distance himself from his subject.
(5) An
important distinction indicative of levels of understanding. Ouspensky
and Mouravieff refer to the system, whereas Gurdjieff speaks of the
teaching, as in "The teaching whose theory is here being sent forth...."
Search, p. 286. In Ouspensky's The Fourth Way, p. 400, he reported: "In the beginning in Russia Mr. Gurdjieff always insisted that it [the teaching] was not a system."
(6) P. D. Ouspensky, A Record of Meetings, pp. 118–19.
(7) Fritz Peters, Gurdjieff Remembered (Samuel Weiser, 1971), p. 160.
(8) G. I. Gurdjieff, Life Is Real Only Then, When "I Am" (E. P. Dutton, 1978), p. 25.
(9) G. I. Gurdjieff, The Herald of Coming Good (Sure Fire Press, 1988), p. 64.
